Hopelessness is central to prominent mental health problems within American Indian (AI) communities. Apaches living on a reservation in Arizona responded to diverse expressions of hope along with Hopelessness, Personal Self-Esteem, and Collective Self-Esteem scales. An Apache Hopefulness Scale expressed five themes of hope and correlated negatively with Hopelessness and positively with both Collective and Personal Self-Esteem. These data confirmed the potential of conducting more extensive analyses of hope within AI tribal life.
作者：Vanessa Lea, Hammond；P J, Watson；Brian J, O'Leary；D Lisa, Cothran
来源：American Indian and Alaska native mental health research (Online) 2009 年 16卷 3期
