Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL±P) and nonsyndromic cleft palate (nsCP) are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. We investigated gene-environment and gene-gene joint effects in a large multicenter study of case-parent triads.  The nsCL±P or nsCP triads were recruited in 11 European countries between 2001 and 2005. We collected DNA samples from infants and from their mothers and fathers, and mothers completed a questionnaire on exposures, including smoking and folic acid supplement use during pregnancy. We used log-linear regression to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95

作者：Peter A, Mossey；Julian, Little；Regine, Steegers-Theunissen；Anne, Molloy；Borut, Peterlin；William C, Shaw；Candice, Johnson；David R, FitzPatrick；Paola, Franceschelli；Michele, Rubini

来源：The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association 2016 年